Kevin Kiernan’s Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript argues that to fully understand Beowulf, we must examine the manuscript itself, not just the poem. He emphasizes that the physical aspects—such as handwriting, parchment, damage, and restorations—reveal crucial historical and interpretive context. Kiernan challenges traditional assumptions about the manuscript’s date and completeness, suggesting it may have been altered or compiled from multiple stories. He highlights the importance of paleography and physical analysis to uncover how scribes shaped the text. Ultimately, the manuscript isn’t just a container for the poem—it’s a key part of the story itself.